余论

的确，政治人类学到了今天，我们已经很难将之同其他人类学的次级领域区分开来。笔者只能根据自己所好介绍其中的一部分。随着研究对象的“泛政治化”，政治人类学作为一个次领域是否还有重振的必要？如果要重振，那它又能在哪些方面有别于其他次级领域？在信息四通八达的当今世界，甚至最边远的地区也不存在与外界全然无涉的政治。也许重振政治人类学的契机就在于此。人类学家也许可以抓住全球化过程中的“中心”与“边缘”的政治互动来作为切入点。在网络世界里，我们看到，不同国家内部地方族群的话语与国际上一些组织的话语似曾相识，不同的信仰群体的意识形态可以通过互联网施加影响，它甚至可以改变不同社会原有的政治和社会组织形式。进入21世纪以来，经济全球化愈演愈烈。随着全球化导致的人口跨国流动态势的增强，原先作为权力控制的中心——国家的作用在社会控制方面将不同以往，对于离开所辖领土的公民，国家基本无从过问；信息和思想的交流再也不会按照国家的意愿发展。在这个变化不定的世界里，国家都出现了主权缺失的现象（Giddens, 2000）。一方面，人口和信息的跨国流动造成我们的星球某种程度上的“克里奥尔化”（Creolization）；另一方面，一些国家的政府又试图阻止这种流动性（Turner, 2007:287-303）。而各种跨国的非政府组织的出现，在某种程度上又起了整体社会调控的作用。因此，拉德克利夫-布朗当年在《非洲政治制度》中所言有关国家（state）究竟是什么的问题又被人类学家所重提。在这些人类学家看来，所谓的“state”是空洞的，它实际上意味着政府。因此，国家人类学（anthropology of the state）也应成为新世纪的人类学主要课题（参见Trouillot, 1999）。由此，我们可以认为，各种非政府组织的存在，无论其跨国与否，都可能成为政治人类学研究的对象，因为原先某些为国家——政府所掌管的职能可以由非政府组织来行使。虽然这些职能未必涉及对社会的控制，它们的存在却是社会控制与和谐发展所不可或缺的。

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